How to Avoid Miscommunication

How to avoid miss communication Think before you speak. If you think about what you say before you speak, you have the chance to organize your thoughts, rehearse your words, evaluate the situation, and not say something stupid. 1. ————————————————- Speak up. If you don't voice your needs, you won't get what you want. And say what you want clearly and loudly enough to hear. 3 ————————————————- Be clear. Keep the message as simple as possible. Don't ramble or go on to a lot of extra details. 4 ————————————————-Avoid ‘um', ‘err', and ‘you know what I'm sayin. Sure, we all stammer sometimes while looking for the right words. But if you slow down and be careful about your speech, you'll be clearer. ————————————————- Be polite. If you're interrupting other people, being rude, and disrespectful, you will not communicate effectively anything but you're a jerk. 6 ————————————————- Get his or her attention. If you don't have the other person's attention, you won't get the message across. Get eye contact, make sure the other person is listening. ———————————————— Organize. If you're trying to communicate, you need to be sure the information gets to the person effectively. If you're planning an event, you need to give important details, like place, time, and what people need to bring. —â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Listen. If you don't  listen to the other person, you are likely to end up miscommunicating. Good listening is often more important than whatever you say. 9 ————————————————- Don't assume. This is  the most common  presumption people tend to make.And it is the most disastrous one as well. Unless you say something, you usually cannot be entirely sure the other person knows what you're thinking, feeling, or whatever. ————————————————- Understand body language. Much of communication is non-verbal. Pay attention; it can be very important. —————————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Give reminders. Check in with the person that they understood you, and know what they need. Even if that party is the most important thing on your calendar, it might not be for your friend. And people can be forgetful.If you're getting upset at people because they aren't putting your priorities on top, remember you need to take some responsibility12 Learn good communication skills. If you have the opportunity to take writing, English, public speaking, theatre, computer programming, and world languages, these are all excellent means to focus on communication skills tips * Eye contact can be uncomfortable. Try looking at the bridge of the person's nose. You'll have the same effect and get the same information. * Be sure you don't use sarcasm in chat, instant messaging, or e-mails without emoticons; it can be taken completely the wrong way otherwise.

Dynamics San Andreas Reflection Essay

We just recently had a lesson in Science about earthquakes and talk about some stuff until we arrived on how about we will watch the new movie â€Å"San Andreas† directed by Brad Peyton. So our teacher agreed to our suggestion and we felt excitement because we knew that we will be watching an action-packed movie. I watched the trailer at home again to know what I should expect from the movie. And I also felt curious about the San Andreas Fault which will be the main reason of destruction as what I have observed after watching the movie trailer. So the day came and we watched the movie. First scene in the movie and some of us were already thrilled as a girl and her dangling car were stuck between two cliffs because of the falling rocks from a mountain. And I also felt a little bit worried for the girl because I don’t want a cute girl to die right at the start of the movie :P. But then Dwayne Johnson as rescuer Ray came to rescue the girl with their helicopter and I felt excitement as they rescue the girl. It was an intense rescuing scene and some of us, especially the girls shouted while watching the scene. Also one of the intense and jaw-dropping scenes that made us go shouting is when the part where in the film, a previously unknown fault near the Hoover Dam in Nevada shakes and jiggles the San Andreas. The Southern California is rocked by a powerful magnitude-9.1 quake followed by an even stronger magnitude-9.6 in Northern California. As the movie goes, it never failed to entertain us. Also the stories of the characters featured in the movie were really interesting. If I were to put myself in the situation they were in, I might have a very low chance of surviving the disaster. I wouldn’t want to experience the type of catastrophe shown in the movie as well. Maybe the least thing I can do is to be prepared because I know we can’t predict or stop natural disasters and pray to God that He won’t let it happen to us, mankind. The San Andreas has long been considered one of the most dangerous earthquake fault and the movie showed us that it really is.

Practice Midterm

This is an example of how a thumb-sized device and ever-smaller digital technology is heightening security risks. Included among the records on the tiny storage vice were 11 years worth Of names, addresses, phone numbers, birth dates, doctor information, school and child-care information. Also on the stick were 142 PHI numbers. The records were from the Ontario Infant Hearing Programs, administered by the Middlesex London Health unit at the H. A. Leper Speech and Hearing Clinic at the University of Western Notation's Lovelorn College.The Ontario Infant Hearing Program (IPP) is a province-wide program of the Ministry of Child and Youth Services designed to identify all infants with permanent hearing impairment and provide the services accessory to maximize family communication and language development in the child. The missing records are from 1999 to 2010. Staff at the clinic realized the USB key was missing early in February' 2011 after space was â€Å"rearranged,† said Janic e Decking, LOW'S provost and vice-president academic.Required: A) Discuss two ethical issues raised in the article related to the missing data. (2 marks) 2. B) Describe three types of controls that could have been used to prevent this security breach. For each Pope of control, provide a specific example of how it could have been used in this case. 6 marks) Describe the type of IS control Specific example of how the control could have been used to prevent the security breach 1. 3. C) Identify four behavioral actions that one could take in case of identity theft. (4 marks) 4. D) Health clinics collect a wide variety of data.Define the following terms and provide one example related too health clinic. (6 marks) Description Of the term Example that pertains to a health clinic Entity Attribute Data model Question 2 (1 6 marks – 58 minutes) Canada Bread Company is a leading manufacturer and marketer of atrocious fresh bakery products and artisan breads to large and small retail gro cery stores and foddering customers. The company also manufactures frozen unbaked, partially baked and fully-baked breads, rolls, bagels and specialty baked products for the same market.Canada Bread employs more than 8,700 people in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. The Company operates 22 bakeries across these countries and employs approximately 5,200 people across Canada. The Canada Bread promise is that they will take extra care in preparing and levering their products to ensure they are safe, nutritious, and of superior quality. A) Define each of the following business pressures and discuss each could be affecting the Canada Bread Company. 4 marks) Definition of the term Specific example of how they could be affecting the Canada Bread Company Technological innovation and obsolescence: Social responsibility: B) For the following competitive forces, define the competitive force, and provide an example of how that force could affect Canada Bread Company. (6 marks) D efinition Of competitive force Example that affects Canada Bread Company Bargaining power of customers Threat of entry of new competitors Threat of substitute products C) A large organization such as Canada Bread needs to be selective about the type of Information technology it implements.A business should turn to IT planning to address this situation. Define the following concepts that are part of the IT strategic planning process and describe their purpose. (2 marks) Definition of concept IT strategic plan IT steering committee D) With 22 bakeries located throughout Canada, the US and the United Kingdom, Canada Bread would need network technology. Define the allowing types of network technologies and provide examples of how they could be used at Canada Bread.

BHS 328 - Team Building (Mod 3 SLP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BHS 328 - Team Building (Mod 3 SLP) - Essay Example Goal setting is the most important component of Personal improvement literature. To be most successful goals that are being set should be realistic, tangible, specific, and have a time target for achievement. There should be sensible plans to attain an intended goal. One drawback of goal setting is that implicit knowledge may be subdued and inhibited. This is due to the fact that goal setting may support simple targets and focus on a result without openness to examination, understanding or expansion. Goals offer a sense of track and principle. Locke et al studied the behavioral effects of goal setting in great depth and concluded that 90% of laboratory and field studies linking explicit and challenging goals resulted in higher performance than simple or no goals. Some managers would believe it is adequate to push the employees to do their best, but in reality it is a very different scenario. A goal is thereby of critical importance because it facilitates an individual in focusing the ir efforts in a particular direction. Managers can not be regularly able to force motivation and keep trail of an employee’s work on an incessant basis. Goals are hence a very important tool for managers since they have the ability to act as a self-regulatory and self-checking mechanism that acquires an employee a positive quantity of assistance Strategic planning is basically an organizations procedure of specifying its strategy, or target, and making decisions on allocating its resources to track this strategy, including its capital and people. Strategic planning is essential to run a business successfully I would surely implement Strategic Planning as it would not only improve the overall employee performance and the motivation level but also boost up the productivity of my team. It is also very correct that strategic planning may be handy for effectively plotting the course of a company;

Plato, St.Thomas, Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Plato, St.Thomas, Descartes - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to critically differentiate between the concepts of human person by Plato, St. Thomas and Rene Descartes. Plato believed that human person is basically a soul because it’s the most strongest of all and remains immortal. This clearly creates the relationship of mind and body to be of significance of hindrance. The human person is only able to reach to its core excellence within a group setting. According to Plato, body is the reason why the soul of a person will be distracted. Herein, it should be noted that the highest power that can be gained by the human person is none other than knowledge. Ultimately, Plato gave his viewpoint determining that the highest peak of knowledge i.e. power which can be gained by a human person is apprehension of the ideas. However, as noted above, soul is constantly distracted by the body in meeting the highest peak of knowledge. It should be noted that Plato has merely considered body to be the cage in which the soul gets locked. Plato has justified the comment of soul to gain eternal knowledge. At the point where one finds out that soul is the sole player of the power then knowledge is gained likewise. However, the fact remains that souls are merely imprisoned by the body that makes soul to undertake learning in a customized manner. Soul imprisoned within the body tends to create possibilities of learning other things as well. It is evident from the following quotation as well, â€Å"The lovers of learning know that when philosophy gets hold of their soul, it is imprisoned in and clinging to the body, and that it is forced to examine other things through it as through a cage and not by itself, and that it wallows in every kind of ignorance1†. The question arises that at what point can the soul be free from the body where the answer is clear, at death. Body becomes dead but soul remains for which it can fulfill the tasks that it need to do during the life course. In order to fully practice th e power, it is much significant for the soul to get freedom from being caged in the body. The most famous saying of Plato inhibited that those who practice philosophy and self-learning are basically yearning and practicing to become dead. This is in context of the previous statement where soul is to get powerful at the time of death because it is free from body. It will not be incorrect to state that Plato was basically a dualist. His viewpoints about human person, power inhibiting and knowledge etc. are quiet extreme for its own kind. Considering the appetites that are among the parts of soul, Plato marked that appetite is a power that sorts the need and desires of a human person differently. This makes evident that soul is basically searching its way to fulfill appetites. For some, it can be the intellect while for others it is the shelter that keeps them under an entitlement. This also interweaves the ideal of scientific knowledge i.e. in order to meet the appetite; a person may fulfill the chronology of societal bounding based upon science2. Another dimension to look at human person and everything in its concerned pattern is the view of St. Thomas. It should be noted here that St. Thomas also considered human person to be a soul. However, he did not consider body to be utterly invaluable. He has used a comparison method to discuss human person with animals. He noted that body in which the human soul is embodied is basically a way to differentiate humans from animals. At the

Business Model Innovation Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Business Model Innovation - Dissertation Example Dawnay and Shah states seven principles for policy-makers around Behavioural Economics as follows: "1.- Other people's behaviour matters: People do many things by observing others and copying; people are encouraged to continue to do things when they feel other people approve of their behaviour. 2.- Habits are important: People do many things without consciously thinking about them. These habits are hard to change -even though people might want to change that behaviour, it is not easy for them. 3.- People are motivated to 'do the right thing': There are cases where money is de-motivating as it undermines people's intrinsic motivation, for example, you would quickly stop inviting friends to dinner if they insisted on paying you. 4.- People's self-expectations influence how they behave: They want their actions to be in line with their values and their commitments. 5.- People are loss-averse and hang on what they consider 'theirs'. 6.- People are bad at computation when making decisions: They put undue weight on recent events and too little on far-off ones; they cannot calculate probabilities well and worry too much about unlikely events; and they are strongly influenced by how the problem/information is presented to them. 7.- People need to feel involved and effective to make a change: Just giving people the incentives and information is not necessarily enough." (Dawnay and Shah, 2005). Looking for rational explanations about how the markets work is a widespread concern of many business agents. Yahoo! is not the exception. PCWelt.de (2006) reports the following trends in the research efforts of this Internet giant: "Yahoo Inc. is researching areas such as... Governments and societies that bet on the market system become more materially prosperous and technologically powerful. The lesson usually drawn from this economic success story is that in the overwhelming majority of cases the best thing the government can do for the economy is to set the background rules - define property rights, set up honest courts, perhaps rearrange the distribution of income, impose minor taxes and subsidies to compensate for well-defined and narrowly-specified "market failures" - but otherwise the government should leave the market system alone†. Following their logic about prices in a competitive marketplace, they argue along the next lines of thinking: â€Å"The main argument for the market system is the dual role played by prices. On the one hand, prices serve to ration demand: anyone unwilling to pay the market price does not get the good. On the other hand, price serves to elicit production: any organization that can make a good, or provides a service, for less than its market price has a powerful financial incentive to do so. What is produced goes to those who value it the most. What is produced is made by the organizations that can make it the cheapest. And what is produced is whatever the ultimate users value the most.† (Bradford DeLong & Michael Froomkin, 2000). Bradford Delong and Michael Froomkin favor early movers and adopters in the market, especially in the highly competitive business environment that the world driven by technological innovations of today is experiencing.

Clay Shirky - Wiki exam (group) vs Traditional exam (individual) Essay

Clay Shirky - Wiki exam (group) vs Traditional exam (individual) - Essay Example For example, each student will try to work his or her problem individually, not as a group. While 15 students can be arranged into a group of 2 individuals per unit and faster solutions will be achieved as each pair will tackle a certain procedure (issue) as one. Clay views that as the group grows it gets considerably worse as the group could sit around discussing the possible choices of all day, with no guarantee you will get to an agreement at all. With every one selling his or her interest, these complexities have nothing to do with classmates or friendship specifically; they are the response to the grim logic of group complexity. As the class grows it becomes difficult for a student to interact directly with everyone from their teachers and other students. If maintaining the connection between two students takes effort, then managing a bigger population becomes unattainable. This phenomenon even in situations, people may clink glasses during a toast, in a small group can touch gl asses to everyone (Berman 279).. The college should embrace the wiki project because it is kind of an organization where different aspects need to be matched from the students activates such doing exams, assignments, and the tutors with support of the entire staff in the institution. For example, they may need to call a meeting of the students or staff to convey a message. This form of communication may come from the academic chair or workers representative this does not mean everyone has to shout to give the information it must pass in a simplified channel such as school representative from the student and the staff leaders in different sections. Therefore, running a college as itself may be difficult, to achieve the aimed goal such as academic excellence. Every daily activity in the college requires recourses from human resource to financial resources to meet the required objective of the institution. As a result, no institution can put all it energies in pursuing a mission. It sh ould utilize considerable efforts on maintaining discipline and structure, simply to keep itself viable. Therefore, self management of the college becomes a priority while staged goal is relegated to number two or lower, no matter what the mission statement says. The problem inherent in managing these transaction cost are one of the basic constrains shaping institutions of all kinds. Therefore, the more students are involved in a task, the more potential misunderstanding and arguments in a class will be experienced. New tools of managing students can be used in classrooms with bigger numbers for effectiveness and efficiency of teaching and learning, for example, allocating identity groups in a classroom with different names of about five members in a group to share assignments and class work. This will make work easier for tutors to communicate and assign class works without having to communicate to everyone in the lecture room. Critiques of the theory Conflicting perspective of MOO Cs to divide education communities Elite institutions in the Academy, primarily leading United States universities are widely engaging enthusiastically in MOOCS by lending brand, content, funds, staff and policy, but it is not applicable for the minority as it prevents a conspicuous literature. Small institutions have not engaged in MOOCS because it complex for them, and those who have tried have sounded an alarm over it

Personal Change Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Personal Change Case - Essay Example is a time when a person becomes aware of his/her own individuality or identity; it is also a time when he/she establishes important relationships, both with friends and lovers. These physical and psychosocial changes suggest that a person at this stage in their life probably undergoes changes in their personality as well. In this paper I will reflect on how I have experienced all of these changes over the last few years, and on how I coped with these changes with reference to Virginia Satir’s Transformational Model of Change. My life in Hong Kong was without worry and I was seemingly living in a fantasy world. I wanted and waited for nothing from my parents, although divorced; they provided me with everything I desired, including love, money for shopping, money for overseas travel in my school breaks, in fact money for anything. I was popular amongst my peers and had many friends with whom I could spend time shopping, dancing, partying and generally just having a good time. I was not an A grade student but received relatively good grades considering the amount of time and effort I put into my study, which was relatively little. My life ran smoothly; I knew what I was doing from day to day, my parents made all my decisions for me, planned my present and future life and I never really considered that things would change. I assumed that my life would always be this way and in some way I was living a fairytale inside a glass bubble – not even considering that one day that bubble may burst! My parents decided that it would be a good experience for me to study overseas, an idea to which I did not consider or see fit to question. In fact it sounded rather exciting to me and I was eager to have the opportunity of further travel, spending real time in another country and making new friends. I failed to consider that this move was a major change in my life and one that would bring about major change in myself. At the beginning my move to America was fine. I settled

Foreign Direct Investment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Direct Investment - Term Paper Example The power theory  explains why a firm will invest abroad, it is a classical theory developed by the work of Adam Smith who stated that as firms grow and profits increase foreign direct investment enable the firm to shift surplus capital by investing elsewhere, the firm will also invest abroad due to increased competition in the home country and therefore decides to invest abroad where there is low competition. The work of Karl Marx also explains the existence of foreign direct investment, according to Marx as the rate of consumption in the home country decreases the profits of the firm declines and for this reason, the firm will invest abroad for the reason of increasing consumption levels and profit levels.   Therefore a firm according to this macroeconomic theory will invest abroad due to their abundance in capital and they will invest in the country which uses labor-intensive means of production in order to increase profits as the cost of production is lower, the firm will find it more advantageous to invest in a country where labor cost is lower as the cost of labor in the home country is higher than the country abroad.  Ã‚   investing overseas, the firm which invests in other countries will experience economies of scale by investing in other countries which will be experienced due to the intangible assets that they possess, such intangible resources include skilled management and organizational know-how which aid in experiencing the economies of scale when they invest abroad. The firms, therefore, will experience economies of scale in the market abroad due to their possession of technological know-how whereby they will be in a position to reduce their cost of production.   Location advantage theory: This theory explains the product cycle which involves the production of new products using new technology and this products are first introduced to the home market, by investing abroad therefore the firm will be in a position to easily shift the production of these new products due to the nearness to the market abroad and also low cost of factors of production.

Will Online Education Finally Replace Regular Schools Education Research Paper

Will Online Education Finally Replace Regular Schools Education - Research Paper Example , is not a future possibility for which higher education must prepare, it is a current reality creating opportunities and challenges for educational institutions; a reality offering students expanded choices in where, when, how, and from whom they learn; a reality making education accessible to ever larger numbers of persons† the benefits that accrue distanced education are numerous, and the critics’ sentiment that the system is doing more harm than good should be shunned. Distance education has seen enrolment increase over time, and the learners who are in underserved regions have the opportunity to access education. Education become assessable to the learners who found it difficult to attend a regular school due to time constraints and geographical issues. It is important to indicate that schooling in the 21st century strongly requires ICT techniques to be incorporated to the curriculum. Computer skill are well instilled to the students who practice distance learning as compared to the student in regular school. There are also very confined skills in matters such as critical thinking, independent learning, research, computer usage, creative thinking, problem solving, time management, and decision making (Barker & Wendel, 2001). Educationists have suggested that learning should be student centered rather than teacher centered, this is very achievable in distance learning since the student is much involved in the learning process as compared to the st udents in regular school system. There are numerous expansion in distance education technologies (Karaim). And for this reason curriculum developers have positioned themselves to make sure that the education system is better compare to regular education that is facilitated by a teacher. Distance education with the aid of technology is offering a similar interaction between a teacher and a student. It will be baseless to argue that teaching of subjects such as mathematics can only be done attained in a regular

Western Civilazation. The Agrarian Revolution Essay

Western Civilazation. The Agrarian Revolution - Essay Example The activities of the ancestral man included inventing tools that they would use to hunt down effectively wild animals. They also used most of their time to look for areas that wild animals frequently passed or stayed. The organization of the society was not complex as their daily normal activities were exceedingly simple. The organization of people in the hunting and gathering period includes small groups of people like one to ten people in a group (Pouwels & Randall 79). However, these groups increased when food was abundant, and the climate was good to nearly a hundred people in a group. They moved frequently in search of the wild animals and crops. The shelters of people practicing hunting and gathering consisted of temporary shelters or caves safe from the dangers of the night and adverse weather conditions. Gathering started before hunting whereby the people organized in small groups could collect nuts and fruits that fell from trees. They could also collect eggs from large bir ds and other animals hidden in different places on the ground. With time gathering could not substantially accommodate the daily needs of the people. The foods they collected would be so little at times to fit their small groups. This is when they then decided to hunt down wild animals for food. The men who practiced hunting and gathering were the Homo erectus who had a lot of similitude to the modern man (Biesel & Schweitzer 17). This is in terms of their brain development and stature. They used other products of the animals they killed apart from the flesh, which they ate as food. They used the skin of the wild animals to make cloths that protected them from the harsh weather especially at night. They used other animal products like the horns to make weapons, which they used to kill other animals. Man started to develop the way in which he hunted the wild animals. This happened when they started hunting a particular group of wild animals. By observing their speed and strength, the y were able to invent tools that would effectively put them down. This includes tool like the bows and arrows, spears, fishing nets that would increase the number of fish that they could catch. The people also started to concentrate on certain plants that they collected and used for food. By doing this, they also came up with tools to make their gathering of the fruits or seeds easier. Agrarian revolution was the time in history when man started practicing agriculture as a way of sustaining their livelihood (Turne & Maryanski 76.). This happened when man began planting the crops that they had been collecting so that they could have access of it at any time (Rosen 159). It was the time when many people stopped hunting-gathering and embraced planting to get food and other basic commodities. During this period, not only did the source of food of the people change but also the societal organization changed. When in the hunting and gathering times, people used to stay in small groups. Ho wever, during the agrarian revolution, people had to organize themselves in complex systems (Herrman & Benzing 136). This then led to the drastic change in the environment where people lived. Towns and villages sprang up, and people used land that was usually bare to plant different types of crops. This thus led to organized political systems where people chose dominant leaders to lead others. The culture and the art world also changed as the culture and practices of the community changed. Language also improved significantly, as people had to communicate more in the agrarian setting than in the hunting and gathering settings. This is because people had to relate more to ensure that the activities they carried out worked well and in an organized manner.

Aida Play Analysis Essay Example for Free

Aida Play Analysis Essay The musical Aida was written by Auguste Mariette based on Giuseppe Verdis Italian-language opera. 2nd Flight Productions using the stage at Chantilly High School performed the musical. The musical was based on the legend of Aida, the Nubian princess who was captured as a slave to Radames, the captain of Egypt. The performance is divided into two acts and it started with Radames fianci , Amneris, as a statue during the present times in a museum. The museum displayed a tomb with the carvings of a man and a woman buried together. Amneriss statue begins to sing and tells the tale behind the tomb. The set for the museum was sufficiently constructed for the story. The tomb was realistic and the background sets of Egyptian writing were appropriate to the feeling and style. However, at first it was difficult to grasp who Amneris was when she sang because she was position center right and maybe a little down right of the stage. There were no other props that clearly indicated that she was part of the museum and that she was a statue. There was a back narrow parallel platform that elevated her separate from the ground. The ensemble members were the museum tourists observing the artifacts. However they were on the ground level and there were no indications of them acknowledging her as a fellow artifact of the museum. Throughout the play, Aida is a strong character who deeply cares about her people. In the plot she hides her identity as the Nubian Princess to save her people. The actress did an amazing job portraying those characteristics. Her voice was powerful and so phenomenal that each song she sung moved me. Every emotion she evoked moved the audience through her acting and her singing. There was moment where the actress belted out a song that described the struggles of being a princess of Nubia. Her body language was like a building wearing away and her facial expressions revealed pain and sorrow. Another moment that was very effective was when she finally accepted her love for Radames. Her body language was playful, her voice was light and her facial expression was soft and more youthful. She was the best and most excellent actress in the play. The lighting had its good effects and bad effects. During serious moments, the lighting was used well and isolated the light towards the main characters. However, when the music became lively, the lighting was in all different colors, similar to a disco lighting, which I found unnecessary and sloppy for a historical musical. The costuming was decent as well but I expected more from a community theatre company. The costumes would be acceptable for a high school production but not a community one. The slave clothes were fine and tattered; however, the fabric was new and it appeared new from stage. Since the setting is in historical times, the fabric must invoke that. The costume for Aida throughout the play was in a shiny fabric that was glittery. This was an anachronism since the setting, again, is in historical times. The ensemble was probably the poorest aspect of the play. In every act they were in, they were never in synch with each other. No one seemed to listen or hear each other. The ensembles made careless mistakes with their hands fidgeting, their eyes not focused and the acting did not seem like acting. In acting, the actor must have a purpose or goal to evoke good acting; however the ensemble did not do that. They moved around with unmotivated movement. Their dance, however, was stronger than their acting. At times they were no in synch but they did decent on their dances. I wished that the ensemble danced with more diverse movements. The dances seemed a little parallel and conformed to the same movements at times. The ensemble men were Radames soldiers in the beginning and did a dance routine that had the characteristics of a march. The performance of the ensemble however, was poor. Their entire routine was not in synch and it was sloppy. In order to portray as soldiers, they should have had more cut and dry movements that were sharp and strict. However, they performed as if they were relaxed and bored. It was more of a casual walk than a march. Towards the end the soldiers did an impressive break dance when the song lifted from its austere melody, however I found it unnecessary. Overall the musical was satisfactory as a community musical. The background music was appropriate, the main actors were excellent in portraying their characters and the songs were sung on key. Although there were many errors in setting, and ensemble members, the director succeeded in telling and portraying the story of Aida in a reasonable fashion.

The differences between offshoring and outsourcing

The differences between offshoring and outsourcing OFF-SHORING is moving a part or whole of a process from home country to another country but to a unit of the same company. It usually involves setting up a process in a country where the firm also has its unit. [1] e.g. MNCs having their offices in multiple countries may be involved in off-shoring processes. IBM, HP off shoring to India to make use of the talented engineers pool. For many years international trade has just been about trading completed products across the globe. But due to technology and transportation ease, it has lead to tasks being off shored thus adding value to global supply chains. [2]This is usually done to reduce cost, increasing pool of innovation; expanding into new markets, recruiting for special skills in every country, thus developing a strong human resource and various such reasons. OUT-SOURCE on the other hand involves one company doing a task for another. [1] Outsourcing may not only aid cost reduction but also help in achieving operational excellence.eg payroll outsourcing to HR consultancies .E.g. Accenture. [4]This helps in resourcing the operations from the best work pool in the desired functional area. Figure 1 OFF-SHORE OUTSOURCING is like a combination of the two. It involves both, getting another company from another country to perform a task or process of a firm. Globalisation has been the key driver to such activities. Earlier such activities were performed by relatively low skilled workers. These activities were primarily seen in manufacturing industries but now it has explored into service sector and attracted high skilled work. Increased competition ,need for reducing cost ,skilled and cheap workforce has driven globalisation, but these also attract high effort and risk thus making it advantageous and disadvantageous at the same time.eg Massachusetts General hospital in USA offshore outsourcing interpretation of CT scans to radiographers in India. [1] We will hereon discuss primarily on OFF-SHORE OUTSOURCING. The discussion would consider two parameters, firstly the advantages and disadvantages of Off-shore outsourcing on Western economies like UK USA and emerging economies like India, China, Brazil, Kenya and secondly its effect on the respective workforces. Offshore outsourcing is beneficial for the western economies in various ways, such as the production or service providing costs are high in these economies owing to the high living cost, area cost, transportation and telecommunication cost. Thus if companies from these economies move off-shore and outsource their production or services task it would cost them less, this would also give them a strong grounding for competing globally . E.g. Loake UK based shoe manufacturer offshore outsources its process in France India and then the final assembly takes place in UK. The cost saved can be invested in home country. Off-shore outsourcing also helps western economy companies in expanding their clientele in new unharnessed markets with great potential, their thus the company grows globally E.g. The western universities get major funding through international students from India and China due to outsourcing, attraction of students by various educational advisor companies like Edwise(India), Chopras(India). Microsoft has offshore outsourced its IT work to India; this has led to increased recognition of Microsoft there and thus increased sales. Off-shore outsourcing also fosters round the clock working, harnessing the time zone differences. E.g. Many USA firms outsource their system management to Indian software engineers, thus when the companies close down in USA the computers can be updated or fixed via software engineers in India (K Dice India Pvt. Ltd.)[9] due to the approximately 12 hr difference in time zone. [1][3][7] .Offshore outsourcing may also boost innovation. Flexibility, off load work: You can create capacity for higher margin work in internal sources. This of course creates flexibility in the company ensuring the optimum utilization of the available resources within the company. MachroTech offers you an  offshore outsourcing model  which combines the best of its onshore and  Offshore Software Outsourcing  resources, to provide you with the flexibi lity to operate your business flawlessly [7]. Western companies can benefit from operational excellence by outsourcing specific consultants to bring out high performance .e.g. PWC, TCS are being outsourced by companies to carry out financial or HR consulting. Thus western economies can benefit from various offshore outsourcing like software development, managing HR tasks like pay rolls, legal outsourcing, RD, interpreting CT scan, medical transcription, accounting (PWC), data entry etc. Due to globalization and linking of economies across the globe, this would result in benefits for the emerging economies too. Majorly, the GDP of exports increase in the emerging economies .Their local currency becomes strong .Foreign direct investment in these economies increase. This leads to development of these economies. Poverty and malnutrition is on the verge of eradication in these economies.[8] Other not so direct effect of offshore outsourcing over emerging economies are adopting new mannerisms, developing English as a primary business language thus reducing linguistic issues, increasing the standard of living of people in emerging economies. Off-shore outsourcing may also be from emerging markets to developed economy market serving as offshore outsourcing destination. E.g. Nasscom the premier trade body and the chamber of commerce of the IT-BPO industries in India has offshore outsourced its financial reporting to McKinsey (UK).[5][6] As it has been mentioned earlier Off-shore outsourcing also has its own disadvantages, for the western companies or the emerging market companies it would mean loss of control over the production or service. This may be because the offshore outsourced company may not work diligently. This will lead to production losses or unsatisfactory service to the customers. With time zone difference follows the problem of communication, transparency of work. Linguistic barriers and cultural misfits all these impacts business on the long run. [10] With offshore outsourcing increase, the imports to the western countries increase thus increasing trade deficit. [3] Off-shore outsourcing also brings along various risks: Project execution risks that would mean loss of full transparency in how the work is being done. Whether the personnel offshore or company offshore is working diligently and not showing a slack behaviour towards their duties. Intellectual Property risks that pertain to sharing the sensitive details and technological details of the company with the outsource destination company. This usually leads to counterfeiting of pharmaceuticals, luxury products etc. and thus this may lead to less sales for originally producing companies and greater sales for the companies that outsource since they have the technical know- how and produce and sell the same goods at a lower rate. Various other legal risks are also seen [11]. Now to discuss about the advantages and disadvantages due to offshore-outsourcing in western company and emerging market countries with respect to their workforce. As far as offshore outsourcing is concerned any company when involves any other company in its process has to deal with organisational culture change, thus workforce have to accept the change n move on or else they might be laid out. Western economy workforce has some advantages. If it gets some of its task outsourced like it may help the employees in moving to higher jobs, higher salary, higher standard of living, good incentives. [1] According to Rajan n Wei(2004)the number of jobs that loose on outsourcing are gained back due to in sourcing[3].Employees can choose to work in rotational shifts, thus giving them flexibility in working hours, since offshore outsourcing provides round the clock working options. English being their own language they have fewer language troubles, since its the basic business language. But offshore outsourcing has major disadvantages for the workforce of the western countries because the basic minimum wage in these countries are higher than in emerging market companies thus mass layoffs are happening. To retain their jobs the western company employees have to work at lesser pay, what makes matter difficult is that in these countries cost of living is very high and thus low salary will lead people to poverty. According to AT Kearneys 2011 Global Services Location Index (GSLI) the top three positions in outsourcing destinations are occupied by India, China, and Malaysia [13]. So automatically outsourcing brings in many advantages to emerging economy workforce. It brings great employment opportunities to these emerging economies. This is due to availability of skilled and yet cheap labour. This helps in increasing the standard of living of all the people, this leads to happier family life, better educated kids, more hygiene, health, socially conscious people helps the country and its economy as a whole. Knowledge base of the people increase. Due to outsourcing companies working round the clock, it gives rise to rotational shifts this leads to flexible working hours, and thus theres job that suits to everyones timing. There is a lower chance of brain drain. The workforce is more dedicated, and thus the results are great. This leads to motivation and better working. [3] The developing country workforce learns the western style of working, thus becomes more organized, independent and goal oriented. There are a few disadvantages too for the workforce of emerging economy companies like due to time differences between the home and host country ,employees may unwillingly have to work at rotational shifts.eg TCS employees join the company at regular office timing but the work begins only in accordance to the country that has outsourced work at TCS ,thus long working hours. Thus the workforce works under stressful condition. They get paid lesser than their western country counterpart. Emerging market companies usually have unhealthy or unethical working environment .E.g. Tesco, ASda Primark outsourcing to Bangladesh but using child labour and unhealthy conditions. [14] Linguistic issues, cultural misfits also pose to be de-motivating for the workforce. Thus offshore outsourcing tries to reduce the difference between the emerging and western economies, creating the world a knowledgeable, friendly, culturally one place to live in. Although everything has its pro and cons, its the riskier thing that fetches more. So I consider offshore outsourcing very lucrative.

The Impact Of Liquidity On Profitability Finance Essay

The Impact Of Liquidity On Profitability Finance Essay Padachi observed the trends in working capital management and its impact on performance of a firm. Return on assets and cash conversion cycle was used to measure the firms profitability and efficiency of working capital management respectively. He described that a firm should maintain stability between profitability and liquidity while maintaining its day to day activities. The manager of a business want to maximize firms value by achieving preferred tradeoff between liquidity and profitability of a firm. The results indicated that the more investment in inventories and receivables lower the profitability of a firm. Raheman Nasr (2007) discussed the impact of working capital management on profitability of a firm. They also highlighted that the basic objective of a firm is to maximize profit but maintaining liquidity is also an important objective. There will be a serious problem if firm increase profit at the cost of liquidity. Both objectives are important for the firm. If a firm does not concerned about profit then it cannot survive for a longer period. On the other hand, if a firm does not concern about liquidity it may face bankruptcy. They took 94 firms of Pakistan and analyzed that there is a negative relationship between liquidity and profitability of a firm. Michalski (2008) empirically analyzed the relationship between firms policy regarding net working investment and firms profitability. Too low liquidity level may come up problems with timely reimbursement of its liabilities while surplus liquid assets would negatively affect firms profitability. He discussed that decisions regarding liquidity is very difficult, a firm has to choose one of the three policies: first an aggressive policy i.e. a large part of the firms fixed and volatile demand to finance fixed assets is supported with short term financing, second a moderate policy i.e. a fixed part of current assets is financed with long term funds and volatile part is financed with short term funds lastly a conservative policy i.e. both fixed and volatile parts of current assets are financed with long term funds. Dash Hanuman (2009) were concerned about working capital management and they analyzed the liquidity-profitability trade-off model named as goal programming model. They supported that proper flow of fund is needed to run any business. A firm has conflicting objectives regarding liquidity and profitability so the goal programming model determines how targeted levels of profitability and liquidity would be achieved by maintaining current and fixed assets and at the same time minimizing opportunity cost. Their model proposed that working capital and inventory must be streamlined to profitability. Nazir Afza (2009) tried to find out the relation between aggressive working capital management policy and firms profitability by using panel data regression model and Tobins q of 204 Pakistani companies for the period of 1998-2005. They claimed that investors give importance to stocks of those firms which adopt aggressive policies to manage current liabilities. Their findings suggested that aggressive working capital investment and financing policies and profitability are negatively associated. They claimed that investors consider that firms which have less long term loans and equity can have better performance than the others. Burtescu (2010) documented the reflection of liquidity and profitability of a company in the accounting result. He emphasized that it is not adequate for a firm to follow only economic indicators but it is also essential for a firm to make sure its liquidity in its quality of a specific dimension of financial management. The information about solvency and liquidity are beneficial for a firm to predict the ability of a firm to fulfill its financial obligations. He argued that investors have a great concern about the cash flow of a company and it becomes obligatory for a firm to include cash flow statement in its annual financial statements. Gill, Biger Mathur (2010) attempted to examine the relationship between working capital management and profitability. They used sample of 88 firms listed on New York Stock Exchange for the period of 2005-2007. The results suggested that the relationship between cash conversion cycle and gross profit margin is statistically significant. They also concluded that account receivables and profitability are negatively associated. The managers can enhance profits of their company by handling the cash conversion cycle efficiently. Mohamad Saad (2010) attempted to scrutinize the impact of working capital management on profitability and market valuation of a firm. They analyzed the secondary data of 172 Malaysian companies for the period of 2000-2007. They took working capital variables such as cash conversion cycle, current ratio, debt to asset ratio, current asset to total asset, current liabilities to total asset and profitability variables are return on asset and return on invested capital. By using multiple regression analysis and correlation, their results revealed that working capital variables have negative association with firms profitability. Firms cannot exist without working capital and it can improve the profitability and market value of a firm. Dong Su (2010) also conducted a study to find out the relationship between working capital management and firms profitability. The working capital management has an important part in the success and failure of a firm because it has a great impact on the profitability and liquidity of a firm. Their sample is based on 130 firms which are listed in Vietnam stock market for the period of 2006-2008. Their findings proved that profitability and cash conversion cycle is strongly negatively associated. By optimum working capital management, the managers may create a value of stock for the shareholders. The firm should maintain a balance between its two objectives; profitability and liquidity. One objective should not be achieved at the cost of other. Their findings also suggested that profitability can be increased by decreasing the number of days accounts receivable and inventories. Saleem Rehman (2011) observed a significant relationship between liquidity and firms performance. Liquidity of a company is very important for its every stack holder. If a firms cash and near cash assets are insufficient to satisfy its immediate payment obligations than firm may face difficulties. This can affect firms day to day business operations and profitability. They evaluated that liquidity and profitability are inversely related, one increases the other will decreases. Bhunia, Khan Mukhuti (2011) provided the evidence with respect to the relationship between liquidity and profitability of a firm. They took steel companies of private sector in India to assess the management of liquidity as a factor of performance. They studied important liquidity indicators and analyzed that optimal working capital management can be achieved by controlling the trade-off between profitability and liquidity of a firm. Firm value is positively affected by optimal working capital management so the investment in working capital must be satisfactory. They concluded that liquidity and profitability are significantly positively associated. Saghir, Hashmi Hussain (2011) studied the relationship between working capital management and profitability of a firm. They used cash conversion cycle to measure working capital management efficiency and return on asset to measure profitability while analyzing the financial data of 60 textile firms listed on KSE for the period of 2001 to 2006. They suggested that smooth inflow of profit is mainly affected by the optimum point of working capital. Working capital means companys current assets and it has a direct effect on the liquidity and profitability of a firm. According to the risk and return theory, when firms liquidity of working capital is high then it has low risk and low profitability and vice versa. The shorter cash conversion cycle is better for the firm profitability. Their result shows the negative relation between working capital management and profitability of a firm. Alipour (2011) researched about working capital management and corporate profitability while taking sample of 1063 companies from Tehran stock exchange. To test the hypothesis, multiple regression and pearsons correlation was used. He analyzed that sale and profit of a company is greatly influenced by the working capital management. Due to inefficient working capital management, a company may be incapable to pay its debts on time. The results show a significant relationship between working capital management and profitability of a company. There is a negative relationship between cash conversion cycle, average collection period, inventory turnover in days and profitability. Qazi et al. (2011) examined the impact of working capital on the profitability of a firm. Using the financial data of Pakistani automobile and oil and gas industry for the time period of 2004-2009, he proposed that the important components of working capital are debtor, creditor and inventory. The efficient and effective working capital can create value of the shares to shareholders. He persuaded that maintaining the companys liquid level is a major task of a company. So, by ignoring liquidity objective, company may face insolvency or bankruptcy. Their results showed the positive impact of working capital on profitability. Ching, Novazzi Gerab (2011) scrutinized the financial statements of two separate groups of companies: working capital intensive and fixed capital intensive having16 companies in each group listed on Brazil Stock exchange during 2005-2009. They used return on assets, returns on sales and returns on equity to measure profitability and cash conversion cycle, debt ratio, days receivables, days inventory and days of working capital are used as independent variables. Their results showed that managing working capital is very important for both type of companies. Moreover, working capital intensive type of company gets more profit by managing inventory and cash conversion efficiency at optimum level and fixed capital intensive type of company yield more profit through other two variables. Karaduman et al. (2011) also investigated the link between management of working capital and profitability of a firm. In the recent economic conditions, the survival of a firm greatly depends upon the ability to manage its financial function. Their sample is based on 127 companies listed in the Istanbul Stock Exchange during 2005-2009. The cash conversion cycle was used as a proxy of working capital management and returns on assets was used to measure profitability. The results portrayed that ROA is positively affected by the reduction in CCC. The profitability is increased by developing efficiency of working capital. Alam et al. (2011) studied the influence of working capital management on the profitability and its market value of firms which are listed on Karachi stock exchange. They claimed that a misconception that firm survival is based on its profits has been cleared due to the present liquidity crises. They used financial data of 65 companies listed on Karachi Stock exchange during 2005-2009. Return on assets and returns on invested capital were used as proxy for measuring financial performance of the firm, Tobins Q was used to determine the market value of a firm and five financial ratios such as cash conversion cycle, current ratio, debt to asset ratio, current asset to total asset ratio and current liabilities to total asset ratio were used as dependent variables. Their empirical results presented sufficient evidence that firms strongly depends upon current assets to generate profits. Ogundipe, Idowu Ogundipe (2012) provided evidence regarding the influence of working capital management on performance of a firm and its market value. They collected data from annual reports of 54 Nigerian companies for the period of 1995-2009. They explained working capital management as management of current assets and current liabilities and it has a direct effect on firms profitability and market valuation. Their findings suggested that as cash conversion cycle decreases firms profitability increases and efficient working capital management also increases the market value of a firm. Barine (2012) established the relationship between efficient working capital management and firms profitability. Working capital management ensures a firms ability to satisfy both short term obligations and forthcoming operational expenses. They compared the cost and returns of working capital of 22 listed firms on Nigerian stock exchange. Their findings proposed that if cost of working capital is greater than returns on working capital investment then it negatively affects profitability and firms should have optimized working capital investments to stay away from over or under investments. Bhunia (2012) explored the influence of liquidity on profitability while taking the sample of FMCG companies in India during 2001 to 2010. He argued that working capital management plays an important role in the financial management decisions of a firm and managers should manage the trade-off between liquidity and profitability to attain optimal working capital management as it can create value for the firm. By using applied normality test, correlation and regression, the results indicated that liquidity and profitability are positively associated. The research of Vahid, Mohsen and Mohammadreza (2012) also highlighted the affect of working capital management policies on firms profitability. They explained that working capital management has a great impact on profitability and liquidity of a firm and it is responsible for the success and failure of a firm. Their sample consists of 28 Iranian companies listed on Tehran stock exchange for 2005-2009. Their results suggested that conservative investment policy i.e. high level of short term investment have a negative impact on profitability and value of a firm, while aggressive investment policy i.e. long term investment have positive impact on profitability and value of a firm. Their results also showed that aggressive financing policies i.e. high level of current liabilities to finance firms project have a negative impact on profitability and value of a firm, while conservative financing policies i.e. having more long term liabilities to finance firms operating activities have a po sitive impact on firms profitability and value. Al-Mwalla (2012) tried to observe the affect of working capital management policies on the profitability and value of a firm. He persuaded that a firm has to maintain adequate level of working capital to fulfill its short term obligations. Therefore, a firm can adopt one of the two policies; a conservative policy by maintaining low level of current assets to total assets or an aggressive policy by keeping high level of current liabilities to total liabilities. He took annual data of 57 firms listed in Amman Stock Market during 2001 to 2009 for analysis. The results portrayed that conservative policy of investment and financing are positively associated with profitability and value of a firm. Ahmad (2012) highlighted the influence of working capital management on forms performance while taking a sample of 253 companies related to non financial sector listed on Karachi Stock Exchange, Pakistan. He use ROA and ROE as proxy of firm performance and current asset over total sales, current asset over total asset, debtors turnover, current ratio and inventory turnover as proxies of working capital management. Using OLS regression, Pearson correlation analysis and logistic regression techniques, he found that all explanatory variables are positively correlated to firm performance except current assets to total sales as it has a negative correlation with firm performance. Usama (2012) extended the work of Rehman and Nasar regarding working capital management while taking the sample of 18 companies from other food sector listed on Karachi Stock Exchange for the period of 2006-2010. The researcher used different variables to measure working capital management such as average collection period, inventory turnover in days, cash conversion cycle, average payment period, debt ratio, firm size, current ratio, and financial asset to total asset. Using common effect model and pooled least square regression, the results indicated that working capital management has significant positive association with firms profitability and liquidity. He also concluded that firm size and minimum inventory turnover in days has positive influence on firms profitability. Myers (2001) purported that there is no general theory regarding debt and equity choice. He discussed three main theories for the choice of debt and equity. He described that according to trade off theory firms adopt that debt level which balances the tax benefits of additional debt against the cost of financial distress. Debt financing gives a tax shield to a firm therefore they took high level of debt to gain maximum tax benefits and eventually increase profitability. However, the increase of debt financing increases the possibility of bankruptcy. According to pecking order theory, when firms internal cash flow is not enough to fulfill its capital expenditure then firms prefer debt on equity. Mostly low profitable firms entail external financing and accumulate debt. According to the free cash flow theory, when a mature firm has profitable investment opportunities and its operating cash flow is considerably exceeds its investment opportunities, so this dangerous level of debt will h ave a positive effect on firms value regardless of threat of financial distress. Berger Bonaccorsi di Patti (2003) supported that leverage has a direct impact on agency cost which influences firm performance. They proposed that high leverage or a low equity capital ratio causes to reduce the agency cost related to outside equity and raises firm value. They used annual information of U.S. commercial banks from 1990 to 1995. Their result showed that a 1% increase in leverage decrease equity capital ratio surrenders a predicted 6% increase in profit efficiency. Fama French (2005) described the financing decisions of firms. They tested predictions of pecking order theory about financing decisions and claimed that more than half of their sample firms defy the pecking order predictions. Their first result is against the pecking order prediction that firms hardly issue stock. Under their sample, 67% of the firms issue stock each year during 1973-1982 and it rises to 74% for 1983-1992, and 86% during 1993-2002. So, equity decisions of a firm frequently violate the pecking order. Second prediction is that capital structure of a firm is derived by asymmetric information problem but their findings are against this prediction. They suggested that this problem can be avoided by issuing equity through different ways. Elsas, Flannery Garfinkel (2006) studied firm major investment, financing decisions and long run performance. They took 1,185 U.S. firms which made huge acquisitions or capital expenditures during 1989-1999. They observed that large firms financed their new investment with debt whereas equity has a small role. With the passage of time, new debt replaced with equity funds. Small firms mostly rely on issuing equity when financing its new investments to replace debt while internal cash flow is used by medium sized firms. They analyzed that debt financing produces negative long run performance more than equity financing whereas financing with internal funds never produce important share underperformance. Dittmar Thakor (2007) developed a new theory of issuance of security that is when stock prices are high then firms issue equity. This issue is contradictory with the two major theories of capital structure: pecking order and trade off theory. The main idea of their theory is that managers decision about security issuance is based on how their decisions will influence the investment choice of the firm and how this choice will influence the post-investment stock price of the firm. After the investment in the project, managers are more concerned about the stock price and the long term equity value of the firm. The shareholders and bondholders may object to the managers choice of investment because they have dissimilar beliefs regarding the value of the project. Their findings suggest that firms which issue equity have higher stock prices, higher values of agreement parameter and higher increase in investments.

Morrisons Sexual Depictions Essay -- Morrison Sexual Depictions Essay

Morrison's Sexual Depictions Toni Morrison incorporated vulgar sexual depictions into her novel with distinct literary intentions. Although many challengers of the novel contest that these scenes contain no value, Morrison composed these depictions with specific intent and purpose. It was not for shock value or merely to be obscene, but to illustrate to her audience the damaging effect society can have on its most vulnerable members. She spoke through the silence to lobby the destruction of an innocent black girl and became the voice for suffering individuals who did not have the ability to speak. She successfully reveals that societal abuse of the African American race as a whole has grave effects on the development of specific individuals. Describing Pecola’s sexual experiences so graphically, and with such brash severity, was meant to impact the reader into inciting societal reform. Her social commentary was not intended to drive simply sympathy for the oppressed children she described, but change. In her novel, The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison demonstrated the repercussions of rejecting a population of people through explicit descriptions of sexual abuse. The cycle of oppression that is illustrated throughout the novel is a prominent cause and result of sexual abuse. Various characters were born in purity and innocence but were degraded by societal treatment. This concept outlines Cholly’s experience in particular. As a child, he was unable to combat or resist oppression. The only reaction he could marshal to injustice was silence, depression and self contained rage. Because he developed under such damaging conditions, he was ultimately unable to love, express compassion or have virtue. Instead, he was only capab... ...female children was an outcome of societal abuse on African American males. By incorporating such sexually graphic depictions, Morrison leaves a lasting impression with her reader and more effectively conveys her message in order to incite reform. Works Cited Lazarescu, Lisa. â€Å"Themes of The Bluest Eye.† April 3, 2005. Eastern Oregon University. http://web.cocc.edu/lisal/thebluesteye/themes.htm. 2003. Mayo, James. "Morrison's The Bluest Eye." Explicator 60.4 (2002): 231-235. Academic Search Elite. EBSCOhost. Central Oregon Community College Lib., Bend, OR. 12 May 2003 Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York, NY: Plume-Penguin Group, 1994. Napieralski, Edmund A. "Morrison's The Bluest Eye." Explicator 53.1 (1994): 59-63. Academic Search Elite. EBSCOhost. Central Oregon Community College Lib., Bend, OR. 12 May 2003

Concepts of Family and Home in Jane Austens Persuasion Essay -- Jane

Concepts of Family and Home in Jane Austen's Persuasion In Jane Austen's last completed novel, Persuasion, England is one large family with two distinct branches, the navy and the aristocratic upper class-it is no accident that the two large books consulted in the novel are the Baronetage and the Naval Lists. The naval family poses a threat to the aristocratic family; in fact, undertones of social instability riddle the text, through imagery of death, illness, and accident. The marriages of Anne Elliott, Louisa Musgrove, and Harriet Musgrove reveal a gentry which can only redeem itself through intermarriage with the professional meritocratic class, symbolically taking on their values of utility and social responsibility, and abandoning an idle aristocracy in decline. In Persuasion, the only novel of Austen's that does not center around a landed estate, the letting of Kellynch Hall shows an aristocracy ousted from its familial seats of power, in favor of the fashionable world of Bath. Landed responsibility is given up for a hollow world of rented rooms and social display. The aristocracy is replaced in their hallowed hall by members of the new meritocracy, the Admiral and Mrs. Croft. The English navy has been world-renowned from the time of the Spanish Armada, in 1588, and played a key role in the expansion of the British Empire; not only does the navy serve as an example of Englishness, it helped create that very notion of national identity. In Persuasion, Austen domesticates the navy, portraying it as one large brotherhood. In fact, Captain Wentworth cancels a trip to his biological brother in order to visit his injured friend, Captain Harville. Officers discuss transporting each other's wives to and fro on their boats,... ... Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. 1813. London: Penguin Classics, 2003. Beer, Gillian. Introduction. Persuasion. By Jane Austen. London: Penguin Classics, 1998. vii-xxviii. Butler, Marilyn. Jane Austen and the War of Ideas. 1975. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. Wiltshire, John. Jane Austen and the Body. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Works Consulted Austen, Jane. Mansfield Park. 1814. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998. Austen, Jane. Emma. 1816. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. Colley, Linda. Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. Copeland, Edward and Juliet McMaster, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Johnson, Claudia. Jane Austen: Women, Politics, and the Novel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

Boeing Organizational Strategy

Every company has a certain way that they organize their company. No two companies are run the same or organized the same way. Boeing also has a unique organization strategy. It is broken up into eight divisions. They are as follows: communications; engineering, operations and technology; finance; government operations; human resources and administration; internal governance; international; and law department. Below is a description of all of the different departments and their purposes. Communications The communications department is in charge of communications between the company and what it refers to as it’s â€Å"stakeholders.† Stakeholders are anyone who has anything to lose or gain from Boeing. Employees, customers, shareholders could all be considered stakeholders. The goal of the communications department is to make sure that the stakeholders hear news about Boeing from them directly, and not from a third party orginazation. Engineering, Operations and Technology The engineering, operations and technology department is responsible for the mechanical part of the Boeing company. They are responsible for ensuring that the products they produce are up to industry standard and represent the company in the way the Boeing wishes to be represented. They are also responsible for managing any technology investments that Boeing may have around the world. Finance The financial department of Boeing is mainly responsible for the monetary side of the company. They keep track of the company’s finances and are in charge of conducting the business that needs to be accomplished. Some of their responsibilities include paying the bills, and collecting on debts when necessary, auditing other departments to ensure accuracy in all financial records and setting budgets for all departments to ensure that the company will continue to prosper. Government Operations The government department is mainly responsible for ensuring that all of the products that Boeing produces and their emissions, the factory emissions, and all things about Boeing are abiding by the law. Human Resources and Administration Human resources and administration is in charge of ensuring that the employees of Boeing are taken care of and that laws are followed when it comes to labor laws and labor unions. Human resources is in charge of hiring people to operate factories and management for the companies. International The international department is in charge of the international aspect of Boeing. They are to ensure that imports and exports follow trade laws and are done correctly. The international department also oversees foreign sales and and laws and regulations that go with it. Law Department The law department is responsible for all aspects of Boeing that have to do with compliance to the laws of the land, whether that be nationally or internationally. It is comprised of lawyers and legal advisors ensuring that the letter of the law is being followed.

Hemingway (Sun Also Rises) and Fitzgerald (Great Gatsby) Essay

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises both define the culture of the 1920s through the behaviors and thoughts of their characters. The characters in both novels have a sense of sadness and emptiness, which they resolve through sex and alcohol. This can be attributed to the disillusionment surrounding the Great War, better known as World War I. Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby represents the Jazz Age and high life of the 1920s, in contrast to Brett Ashley as the New Woman of the 1920s and Jake Barnes’s embodiment of the Lost Generation in Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises. The Great Gatsby illustrated people reaching for the â€Å"American Dream.† The Sun Also Rises instills a â€Å"permanent emotion,† what many members of the â€Å"Lost Generation† searched for, into the reader by presenting a sense of nostalgia for the better past. Fitzgerald’s 1920s was full of life, flappers, money, alcohol and jazz. It was a time of happy spirits, never ending wealth and the American Dream. Many believed that through hard work and perseverance one could be as rich as they wanted. One could own a mansion and a car and the latest fashions and live the high life. The flapper, a major symbol of the 1920s, wore their hair short and bobbed, make-up that was applied in public, and baggy short dresses that exposed skin. She thought fast, talked fast and was perhaps even a bit brazen. â€Å"They’re all desperadoes, these kids, all of them with any life in their veins; the girls as well as the boys; maybe more than the boys.†(Fabian) Money encompassed the spirit of the times. It represented the pop life, modern days, happiness and the American Dream and everybody wanted it. It seemed that there was not a soul who was not fashionably chic and dressed like they were rich. Everybody drank alcohol even though it was illegal; a party in a Harlem nightclub wouldn’t be as much fun without alcohol. Who couldn’t resist the sweet upbeat tunes of jazz music flowing through brass instruments? â€Å"†¦Jazz is a joyous revolt from convention, custom, authority, boredom, even sorrow.†(Rogers) Originally, jazz sprang from the African-American culture, but the young people of the 1920s adopted the music and even began playing it themselves. Dances such as the Charleston, Black Bottom, the Shimmy, and Fox Trot, were invented to accompany the upbeat music. (Watson) All of these elements are included in The Great Gatsby. Jay Gatsby in Fitzgerald’s novel is the archetype male of the 1920s. He has it all: money, a handsome figure, a mansion, a cream-colored automobile, British lingo, and some sort of inexplicable charm about him. He is new money living in West Egg. Yet despite his lavish parties and impressive mansion he is never be accepted by those who live in East Egg, where old money lives. The West Egg and East Egg are peninsulas that are a mere few miles apart where the only separation is the bay. (Fitzgerald) Fitzgerald’s peninsulas represent the same gap many Americans had to face in the 1920s. The two peninsulas are so close that Gatsby is able to see the green light coming from the Buchanan’s dock yet he cannot take hold of the light because he isn’t allowed to be a part of the society of Daisy Buchanan, his unattainable love who is married to Tom Buchanan. Fitzgerald uses Gatsby to focus on the American dream. It is his undying hope. Gatsby believes soon he will be able to be part of Daisy’s life. His optimism is so strong that in response to Nick Carraway’s comment â€Å"You can’t repeat the past,† he says, â€Å"Can’t repeat the past? Why of course you can!†(Fitzgerald) He believes he can make anything happen. Even his disastrous end is caused by not himself but those who did not want him to succeed. Just as the American Dream was the central part of life in the 1920s so it is in The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald both as a writer and a man understood the American Dream and its risks and rewards. Fitzgerald had lived the American Dream. He, just like Gatsby, had desired an unattainable love whom he couldn’t have until he was rich and successful. The 1920s was the dawning of the American materialistic age and where acceptance and wealth were of the utmost importance. It is the idea that still exists today in American culture. Fitzgerald also describes the careless and senseless parties that took place during his time, similar to the parties Gatsby had. It was all about the money and if one couldn’t have it, one would turn to sex and alcohol. (Sklar) Hemingway’s experience of the 1920s was almost the opposite of Fitzgerald’s. Sex and a great deal of alcoholism were apparent and were used to subdue the everlasting sadness caused by World War I. The young men went to war between  the ages of 18 and 25, when they would have normally become civilized. Many of these people lived to find a permanent emotion or nostalgia after living through the disillusionment of the Great War. Paris was the expatriate capital. It was where the boldest modernists were. Many Americans who survived the war wanted to escape the newfound materialistic life and traveled to Paris and other major cities in Europe. Gertrude Stein called these people the Lost Generation and invented the term. Many were writers, artists and creative thinkers, including Hemingway. Many had hoped to experience their very own bohemian and artistic being in Paris. Though the term first came to apply to those who had just come out of the war, the Lost Generation gradually became all American expatriates and in particular those with artistic and literary preferences. Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises expresses the uncivilized and aimless Americans who lived in Paris, and later Pamplona, Spain, who personified the term Lost Generation. (Mills) Lady Brett Ashley and Jake Barnes are two characters that display the qualities of the Lost Generation. Brett is seen as a â€Å"New Woman† of the 1920s. Jake describes her hair being brushed back â€Å"like a boy’.† (Hemingway) She is trapped amid two styles of gender depictions: that of the â€Å"woman on a platform† and that of the independent and sexually liberated â€Å"contemporary women†. In contrast to flappers, â€Å"New Women† were educated and a product of an industrialized city. Brett values her body and doesn’t believe in the value of a family. Brett is single and carelessly sleeps around with other men. She snubs feminine models of cleanliness, faithfulness, and obedience. Instead Brett insists on sexual independence and self-expression while ignoring the rules of a patriarchal marriage. Robert Cohen, a recent lover of Brett’s, comments she is Circe, turns men into pigs and controls them using sex and simulated lov e. This later turns the men against each other. Brett is seen as a threat to the social order of her group of which she is the only female. (Hemingway) Jake, out of all the characters in the novel, is the most civilized character and is usually embarrassed by his friends. He is still a member of the Lost Generation yet he is more civilized than the others. To compensate for his more civilized nature he constantly drinks alcohol, which was how much of  the Lost Generation spent their time. He is also the modern protagonist in the novel. He is an American and a contemporary man who has seen through the political and nationalist front wall of the war to assured facts about modern hostility embodied by World War One. Jake’s war injury, genital injury, represents the impotence of modernity and a media-flooded ethical and religious alienation. Jake’s infertility juxtaposed to Spain’s fertile country allude to the clichà ©d idea of the 1920s of a lost legitimacy or completeness such as bullfighting and boxing. Jake’s wild interest in bullfighting is a part of his search for the permanent emotion that he searches for as well as Hemingway did. He carries nostalgia of how good life was before his war injury and wishes he could return to the past. (Finnegan) While Hemingway put much of himself into Jake’s character, he resented the women of the Lost Generation. He correctly characterized the people and culture of the 1920s by making the nature of the characters in his novel intolerable and primitive. He made the novel self-conscious of the primitive images it presents, knowing they are a modernist clichà © of his time. Just like much of the Lost Generation, Hemingway searched for a pure style that would permanently capture an emotion. This was also considered as â€Å"a civilized nostalgia for a barbaric world of tragedy and triumph.† This deep â€Å"reactionary level of thought† can be seen throughout The Sun Also Rises and the Lost Generation. (Finnegan) The two novels focus on American life since after the Great War Americans held a new philosophy of materialism that Europeans did not. Americans started to believe that the more property that was owned the better their chances of succeeding economically and socially. Because of this newfound materialism, many writers including Hemingway and Fitzgerald, were attracted to Americans. It was the Americans’ belief in the American Dream and the feeling of no place in the world and continual circling of the world, the Lost Generation, that influenced the characters’ decisions and actions in both novels hence the names The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises. Fitzgerald titled his novel The Great Gatsby for the reason of Gatsby’s never ending optimism as Hemingway titled his novel The Sun Also Rises to allude to the excerpt of Ecclesiastes he placed at the beginning of the  novel, â€Å"The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth gown, and hasteth to the place where he ar ose.† (Hemingway) Hemingway used The main difference between Fitzgerald and Hemingway, as well as they way they thought and wrote, is that Fitzgerald avoided war service while Hemingway served the Italian army and encountered a near death experience. If one were to try to learn about the people of the 1920’s through a textbook they would not learn the people’s behavior and general attitudes on life in general. One wouldn’t be able to be captured by that permanent emotion Hemingway constantly searched for and one couldn’t experience the struggles of Fitzgerald’s American Dream. One couldn’t experience the new revolutionary modern way of writing that Fitzgerald and Hemingway had impressively presented. Works Cited Jim Finnegan. The Sun Also Rises (1926) Lecture Notes (Last Day of Discussion). Fall 2001. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. http://www2.english.uiuc.edu/finnegan/English%20251/sunrises.html> November 28, 2004 Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Collier Books Macmillan Publishing Company, 1925. Flaming Youth. Warner Fabian. John Francis Dillon. 1923. Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York: Collier Books Macmillan Publishing Company, 1926. Ian C. Mills. Hemingway’s Paris. 1998-1999. DiscoverFrance.net. Rogers, J.A. â€Å"Jazz at Home.† The Survey Graphic. 1925 Sklar, Robert. The Plastic Age, 1917-1930. New York: George Braziller, 1970. Sonny Watson. Swingstreet.com. 1999. http://www.streetswing.com/histmain/z3jazz1.htm November 26, 2004

Nobility and Beowulf Essay

Epics have been written and told orally for hundreds of years. A typical epic usually contains challenges, journeys, adventures and most importantly, a hero. An epic hero has several characteristics that make him unique. First of all, he or she usually comes from a noble family, which means, a noble birth. Also, they tend to have superhuman strength and accomplish beyond human deeds. A must in all Epic stories is that this hero must go on a quest in search of something. This quest, also known as a journey, holds several challenges and unexpected turns that the hero must overcome. Beowulf, an epic hero, is a fantastic example and fits the standards perfectly of an epic hero. He is noble, brave, and has superhuman strength, not only in his body but also in his heart. This strength is one that makes him thing of himself as immortal and invincible. What Beowulf lacks despite of this is a sense of self-knowledge, something learned about oneself through experiences, but he gains this characteristic through his epic quest in which he will realize that in fact, he is not immortal. Beowulf does not simply gain self-knowledge; in fact there are a series of events which lead up to his inner realization. Grendel is a powerful monster who terrorizes the Danes. He is feared of immensely by all of the people and nobody who has the courage to withstand him survives the attempt. â€Å"He was spawned in that slime, conceived by a pair of these monsters born of Cain, punished forever for the crime of Abel’s death. † (Line 19-23)Grendel is such a bad figure that he is known to be the reincarnation of the devil. When terrorizing all of the people at Herot, Hrothgar calls for Prince Beowulf’s assistance, knowing that he is powerful and brave. Beowulf sleeps at Herot and during the night confronts Grendel in a bloody and intense battle. Beowulf manages to kill Grendel and is therefore recognized and worshiped by all of the Danes. This is one of the first contributors to Beowulf’s belief of immortality in himself and a clear example to him that death in fact is possible. After having slayed Grendel, Beowulf is encountered in another situation in which he must, once again fight for Hrothgar. Hrothgar informs Beowulf that Grendel’s Mom hast taken and killed his best and only friend. He in turn asks Beowulf for help once again and Beowulf gladly accepts the task. â€Å"Grendel’s Mom is hidden in a terrible home, in a place you have not seen. Seek it if you dare! Save us once more, and again twisted gold, heaped up ancient treasure, will reward you. † (Line 444-449) He begins his journey to Grendel’s Mom’s lair, a deep dark lake in the mountains to which nobody ever wants to go. When he gets there, Beowulf is attacked by several creatures other than Grendel’s Mom herself, but manages to kill them all and finally encounter himself in a battle with fearless Grendel’s Mom. After the long battle, Beowulf manages to kill this creature and again feels overly triumphant and immortal, but is yet another example of mortality shown clear to Beowulf, because everything, even the most dark and feared creatures can die. Fifty years later, Beowulf finds himself being king of the Geats and being greatly loved by everyone in his realm. One day, Beowulf is informed that a dragon is terrorizing his people and is killing them, a fire breathing dragon. â€Å"I’ve never known fear, as a youth I fought in endless battles. I am old now, But I will fight again, seek fame still, if the dragon hiding in his tower dares to face me. † (Line 607-610). Despite his old age, Beowulf, still courageous, wants to fight and slay the dragon which terrorizes his people. Once he gets there and the battle begins, he realizes that it is not the same as before, that he is in fact weaker and now vulnerable. He struggles greatly, his sword breaks, and the dragon melts his shield and armor with his fiery breath, but now his army helps him and together they slay the dragon. Unfortunately, Beowulf is greatly wounded and for the first time, realizes he is going to die and that he is in fact, mortal. When he dies, Beowulf asks for a statue of him to be built, he is in this way seeking eternal immortality. His self-realization mainly comes across to him when he is dying in the arms of his people after his harsh fight with the dragon. He was a strong hearted and strong-minded warrior, because it was not until the last moment that he learns about his own vulnerabilities, he lives thinking he is invincible, until fate plays a trick on his belief.

Discussion of the history of cosmetics Essay

The dawn of modern cosmetics began divided into the following categories: Grolier (2005: 188-191). a. Powders – face powder usually contains talk, chalk, kaolin, and mixtures of zinc oxide, titanium oxide and various powdered pigments. Properly prepared, this mixture spreads easily, adheres to the skin, and absorbs some moisture. b. Emulsions – these are fine particles of oil dispersed in water. Vanishing creams and cold creams are examples of emulsions. Thinner emulsions, which contain more water relative to the oil content, are used as cleansing lotions and hand creams. c. Lipsticks – this is made up of oils, such as castor oil, mixed with waxes and pigments or dyes, and hardened into molds. Since the materials used in manufacturing lipsticks are actually taken into the body, the choice of ingredients is limited to those which are known or assumed to be non-toxic. d. Eye Makeup – these are eyebrow pencils, eye shadow, and mascara are, like lipstick, compounds of oil, wax and pigments. They, too, must be made of non-toxic or non-injurious materials. Cosmetics have come a long way in modern history and played a significant role in adorning both men and women for various occasions. It has been so widely-used that its functions have traversed into extremes for beautification purposes – it can either conceal or flaunt an asset of a person. It can serve as mask or a highlighter. This just means that it has the ability to change the appearance of the person according to the manner it was used. At the end of the day, personal psyche dictates that every person intends or strives to become pleasant to the eyes of the millions of people around him or her. What is beautiful has also changed over the years. The definition of what is beautiful goes across regions, beliefs, religion and societal perceptions. Burke (2003:75-77): According to the twentieth century philosopher Charles Hartshorne, â€Å"Beauty is the centerpiece of this classical trinity and that nothing in our experience is exempt from the touch of the beautiful†. Beyond aesthetics, what is beautiful is how one perceives it to be, in that if he or she can find beauty in there. Therefore, the quality of what is beautiful has emerged from mere prettiness or elaborate ornamentation into an instrument of life towards survival in the continuous evolution of life in this planet. It can be found that the link between biology and beauty has dictated the development of humans and other species. Scientific studies strengthens the debate that the beautiful will emerge as the survivors given that their counterparts find them more attractive than the rest and that they are perceived to produce the most beautiful offsprings. In this biological quest for a successful and healthy reproduction process, the preference is indeed given to those mates who appear healthy. A healthy individual is visually manifested in their skin and hair, by the movement of their body, by a proportioned and toned body. These are the people judged to be beautiful. If the experts are correct in these assumptions or scientific observations, men usually look for women who appear young and fertile. This is where cosmetics leverage onto. Burke (2003:75-77): The cosmetic industry tries to address this so-called â€Å"need† that women continue to appear young despite already going beyond their fertile or child-bearing years. Nevertheless, beyond the need to reproduce our genes, the core of beauty still delves on the ability of a person to identify and bring out the beauty in their lives. We need not generate only life in this world, but also generate beauty that will make life even more worthwhile. It is the appreciation of beauty in our surroundings even without the use of any form of artificial adornment such as cosmetics that will enable one to realize the beauty of life, that it is worth-knowing and worth living after all. Given how important the nation for beauty is perceived across nations, and beyond borders, how cosmetics value this perception and its effects to the human well-being is crucial. Dermatological diseases have sprung in the recent years that come in a range from minor cosmetic problems to even life-threatening problems, as displayed in some disorders commonly due to skin differentiation processes. Zeeuwen (2004:176). With this statement, one should also be vigilant and be a knowledgeable end-user of these products that attempt to change certain elements of your natural state of appearance or being to some extent. The law of economics reminds us that with in every level of quality increased, price is directly affected as it is directly correlated.

Followership and Model I and II

The model of followership presented by Goffe and Jones indicates the significance of three emotions which an individual produces in a person which leads them to follow him. These three emotions are summarized as given below. (a) The first emotional response an individual evokes is that of a feeling of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   significance or importance. Thus leaders who create an impression in people that they matter will be able to obtain even the, â€Å"heart and soul† of their followers.    This is not just a response of blind adulation. It flows from an appreciation by   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the leader not just their personalities but also their work. Thus the follower will    give loyalty and even implicit obedience. (b)   The second response is that of a feeling of community, a sense of belonging to an organization where the leader creates unity of purpose around the work   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   which they all do. The leader is one who the follower sees as having created a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   feeling of the community. (c)   The third emotional response is the feeling of buzz, an excitement which is   Ã‚   created by the sheer presence of the leader. His energy and enthusiasm is   Ã‚  Ã‚   contagious.   Followers are willingly led by such leaders who provide them   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   excitement, challenge and a passion to live their lives. This may be called as    charisma but actually is much more than that. Argyris and Schon (Dick. Dalmau, 1990) have provided an understanding of the conscious and subconscious processes of reasoning. This fits in well with the emotional aspects of followership indicated by Goffe and Jones. Argyris Model II ideally fits into the theory of followership espoused by Goffee and Jones. In Model II, the leader provides a scope for double loop learning. This implies that there is open inquiry of issues thereby which people are placed in a position of significance and respond to a situation based on a community based pattern of involvement which is highlighted in double loop learning model of Argyris. The emotional feeling of a buzz created by a leader’s presence is heightened in the Model II for the leader provides inspiration. On the other hand, Model I is based on the single loop theory through which most leaders operate till they understood the advantage of the double loop theory (Argyris et al.   1985, p.   89). The excessive control exercised by the leader in Model I is not conducive to creating an emotional feeling of importance as well as a sense of belonging to a larger organization or establishment (Argyris, et al. 1985, p.   89). Power: How Its Meaning in Corporate Life is Changing Gary in his summary on the various views of power has provided us how perception of power has changed over the years. In the initial years it was the emotional response of charisma, the buzz that is categorized as the third factor by Goffee and Jones that was the essence of power in leaders. However gradually this perception has changed and power came to regarded as an issue for organizations productivity. This is the power used for creating a feeling of community of belonging and one which provided a unity of purpose. Thus we see a shift in power from Model I to Model II very gradually. Model II or the double loop theory propounded by Argyris is a power paradigm which can be associated with that advocated by David McCelland and David Burnham. Thus managers in this model were democratic and more willing to share their power with others with a view to creating a community feeling in the organization but one which was primarily driven towards achieving goals of the organization (McCelland. Burnham, 1995). James Hillman in his in depth analysis of power has indicated that there could be more elements or purposes to power than that indicated by the purely simplistic explanation of exercising coercive force. He provides a benign expression of power that of providing service to the organization (Hillman, 1995). While Model I denoted by Argyris has indicated power in its coercive function as defined by Hillman, for in it the leader will attempt to control unilaterally, the subsequent transformation indicates development towards Model II   (Argyris. 1985). Power in the Hillman model is to seek followership in which it is linked with the two emotions of making people feel important and creating a community feeling for achieving corporate goals. Ronald Heifetz indicates that power does not necessarily imply the ability to protect people from threat but to let them feel the threat through simulation and adaptation. This is the new model of power which is aligned to Argyris’ Model II wherein the protection offered by Model I which also includes protection of ones group of followers is done away with. By exposing followers to disorientation by the threats which are the essence of a new age, the 21st Century, it will lead people to transformations required to fit into the new age (Heifetz, 1994). The Living Company The Living Company is one which survives because leaders consider the company as a congregation of people and not as an organization which produces goods and services. Thus people are more valued than assets. This focus on the people is what makes these organizations perform consistently over a long period in some cases as the Sumitomo over the centuries. People are given importance which is due to them because they are working in the company efficiently and effectively. They provide a feeling of belonging to the organization such as Unilever and finally they have a series of leaders who define the trajectory of growth for individuals as well as the company. These leaders see themselves as shaping a human community The Living company follows the Argyris Model II with powerful double loop learning systems which effectively provides feedback, creates internal commitment as well as leads to informed decision making. This in turn continuously provides a perception of the deficiencies to the management which undertakes continuous improvements. This also leads to generation of new ideas and development of new businesses. Managing in the Cappuccino Economy The companies in the Cappuccino economy provide a high degree of importance to people even in junior positions by allowing them to make independent decisions. They are in turn spurred by the faith placed by the management in their abilities even for critical decisions which affect the company’s bottom line. On the other hand the non cappuccino companies do not provide such freedom to the management. The results achieved by these companies are of a higher order which is benchmarked by the rise in equity of these companies by the author. The top end companies of the Cappuccino economy follow Model II which comprises of empowerment and sharing in decision making right down to the last level. These companies also delimit control by the higher executives though given Argyris predictions once the companies grow, the instinctive response to control may come back. However by establishing training and coaching, Argyris has indicated that Model II skills can be built up in these companies on a continuous basis. The non Cappuccino companies on the other hand follow Model I; thereby they are unable to adjust to the changing circumstances lacking a double loop feedback. Empowerment : The Emperor’s New Clothes Empowerment implies enhancing an employee’s self worth which in turn will build his commitment to the organization. Thus a firm which demonstrates to an employee that he can control his own destiny, that he is important will get maximum commitment from him. On the other hand Argyris also indicates that the process of change itself does not make people feel important as it only indicates to them what change is required (Argyris, 1998).   It is change that is more important than the employee, thus he may not be fully committed to the process. Empowerment is many times inhibited by leadership in most organizations. These executives are control oriented, hence are unable to be seen as charismatic, â€Å"light houses†. He has also indicated that many people do not want to be empowered. They feel more comfortable in being led. Argyris also feels that it is performance per se which is the most important factor and not empowerment (Argyris, 1998). Thus some organizations in their enthusiasm for empowering the employee by making him feel important, tend to overlook the results that are produced by him. This empowerment is considered self defeating. Argyris Model I corresponds to external commitment that does not provide much leeway to employees to define their own goals and tasks. This thus does not profess empowerment (Argyris, 1998)   Control remains with the management or the higher leadership and employees are expected to merely follow the laid down norms. Argyris has advocated Model I for most routine jobs which may not entail too much empowerment. Such jobs are better performed through external commitment rather than internal. Argyris Model II corresponds to an organization which offers its employees internal commitment. This enables maximum participation by employees in the project in turn enhancing the way in which they are empowered. However implementing Model II as per Argyris is an extremely difficult and challenging process, hence many organizations profess rather than practice the same. Why Should Anyone be Led by You? Inspirational leaders are known to possess four basic qualities, they demonstrate willingly their own weakness, they rely on intuition for seeking the appropriate time for an intervention, empathize freely yet firmly with followers and are not afraid to demonstrate their own uniqueness. By showing to the followers that they have weaknesses as other men they convey a feeling of being human thereby building up a sense of community in the group. This also helps in establishing a common bond based on a feeling of want or need. The intuitiveness and unique differences that they demonstrate contributes to the charisma which creates a buzz about them and inspires other people. The demonstration of difference is also appreciated by followers as it indicates a spirit of adventure denoted by leaders as Sir John Harvey-Jones, CEO of ICI. By empathizing with their followers, the leaders indicate to them that they are an important facet of their lives, providing the led the sense of being of consequence, thereby inviting greater loyalty. The inspirational leader is also able to use the right quality amongst this at the most appropriate time. The last quality is what is most important for practical application as it enables leaders to practice leadership by being themselves rather than creating a faà §ade. The inspirational leader denotes Model II provided by Argyris which is evident from the fact that he is not only open to a double loop feedback but also welcomes it. He uses this to sustain and support the overall good of the organization. The leader in this case is willing to share control over his self with his followers which provides them a unique sense of empowerment building an infinite sense of loyalty. Leaders are also able to gain intuitive feedback of the system thereby contributing to the double loop of Model II. By being open, fair, transparent and appropriately empathizing with their subordinates, these leaders are the anti thesis of Model I organizations where leaders are aloof, directional and do not expect or welcome a feedback. Inspirational leaders thus seem to fit in ideally with a Model II organization. Reference:- Argyris, C.   (1985) Strategy, change & defensive routines.   Boston: Pitman. Argyris, C., Putnam, R., & McLain Smith, D.   (1985) Action science: concepts, methods, and skills for research and intervention.   San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Dick, B., & Dalmau, T.   (1990) Values in action: Applying the ideas of Argyris and Schon.   Brisbane: Interchange. Heifetz, Ronald. (1994). Leadership without Easy Answers. Belkap Press. Hillman, James. (1995) Kinds of Power. Currency Books. McClelland, David. Burnham, David. Power is the Great Motivator. Harvard Business Reprint. Jan-Feb 1995. (Case Study) Gary, Loren. Power: How Its Meaning in Corporate Life is Changing. (Case Study) Goffee, Robert. Jones, Gareth. Followership. Harvard Business Review. (Case Study). Gues, Arie de. The Living Company. (Case Study). Shapiro, Eileen C. Managing in the Cappuccino Economy. (Case Study). Argyris, Chris. Empowerment : The Emperor’s New Clothes. Harvard Business Review. May-June 1998. (Case Study) Goffee, Robert. Jones, Gareth. Why Should Anyone be Let by You?   Ha rvard Business Review. September – October 2000.